![]() Mainly nocturnal Both diurnal and nocturnalĭivers, pelicans, gannets and cormorants, raptors, storks, herons, ibises, spoonbills, flamingos, cranes, bustards, pratincoles, raptors, grouse, skuas, gulls and terns, alcids, pigeons and doves, bee-eaters, woodpeckers, swallows and martins, jays and crows, chickadees and titmice, creepers, accentors, larks, pipits and wagtails, starlings, sparrows, cardueline finches, fringilline finches, buntings Table 4.1 Diurnal and nocturnal migrants among Holarctic birds. Although most species within a family seem However, among closely related families, some striking differences occur, as in the passerines just mentioned, and also among waders, in which plovers (Charadriidae) migrate more by day than sandpipers (Scolopacidae). Comparing different families, there is no obvious and consistent connection between migration times and difficulty of journey, habitat, diet or other aspects of ecology. Among non-passerines: pigeons, raptors, cranes, herons and egrets migrate by day while cuckoos, shore-birds, rails, and grebes migrate mainly by night. Among passerines: crows, finches, pipits, larks, wagtails, tits, hirun-dines and others migrate primarily by day while warblers, flycatchers, thrushes, chats and others migrate primarily by night (Table 4.1). To judge from their eye structure, diurnal birds may have no better vision at night than do humans, but this would still enable them to fly safely through the open skies, and recognise star patterns and landscape features that might help them find their way.Īpart from soaring landbirds, which depend on daytime thermals, it is not immediately obvious why particular species migrate at one time rather than another. ![]() What is surprising is that many normally diurnal species also travel at night. ![]() Nocturnal species such as owls and nightjars, or optional diurnal-nocturnal species such as shore-birds, might be expected to migrate under cover of darkness. How have you handled the nighttime accident?Įlicits information on interventions that have already been tried be alert for responses suggesting that the child has been punished or shamed.Some birds migrate mainly by day and others mainly by night. To determine how parents have handled bed-wetting: Small volumes: functional bladder disorder Most nights: functional bladder disorder one or two nights: nocturnal polyuriaĭoes your child ever wet more than once a night?ĭoes your child seem to wet large or small volumes? How many nights a week does your child wet the bed? Positive response: functional bladder disorderĭoes your child hold urine until the last minute? More than seven times a day: functional bladder disorderĭoes your child have to run to the bathroom? How many times a day does your child void? To distinguish possible functional bladder disorder from nocturnal polyuria: How often does your child have bowel movements?ĭoes your child ever soil his or her pants? Positive answer suggests complicated nocturnal enuresisĭoes your child appear to have pain with urination? To distinguish uncomplicated from complicated enuresis:ĭoes your child wet his or her pants during the day? To distinguish primary from secondary enuresis:Īt what age was your child consistently dry at night? Desmopressin and imipramine are the primary medications used to treat nocturnal enuresis, but both are associated with relatively high relapse rates. Use of a bed-wetting alarm has the highest cure rate and the lowest relapse rate however, some families may have difficulty with this treatment approach. Continence training should be incorporated into the treatment regimen. Treatment options include nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic measures. The evaluation of nocturnal enuresis requires a thorough history, a complete physical examination, and urinalysis. Research also indicates the possibility of two subtypes of patients with nocturnal enuresis: those with a functional bladder disorder and those with a maturational delay in nocturnal arginine vasopressin secretion. A genetic component is likely in many affected children. Recent studies indicate that nocturnal enuresis is best regarded as a group of conditions with different etiologies. Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem that can be troubling for children and their families.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |